Pengertian Diabetes

Diabetes (diabetes melitus) adalah penyakit jangka panjang atau kronis yang ditandai dengan kadar gula darah (glukosa) yang jauh di atas normal. Glukosa sangat penting bagi kesehatan kita karena merupakan sumber energi utama bagi otak maupun sel-sel yang membentuk otot serta jaringan pada tubuh kita.

Penyakit ini memiliki dua jenis utama, yaitu diabetes tipe 1 dan tipe 2.

Indonesia sendiri termasuk dalam 10 negara terbesar penderita diabetes. Pada tahun 2013, penderita diabetes di Indonesia diperkirakan mencapai sekitar 8,5 juta orang dengan rentang usia 20-79 tahun (dikutip dari Federasi Diabetes Internasional). Tetapi kurang dari 50% dari mereka yang menyadarinya.

Apa Saja Gejala Diabetes?

Sangatlah penting bagi kita untuk mengetahui gejala awal diabetes. Baik bagi yang berisiko tinggi maupun bagi yang merasa sehat dan tidak memiliki riwayat atau potensi mengidap diabetes.

Diabetes tipe 1 dapat berkembang dengan cepat dalam beberapa minggu, bahkan beberapa hari saja. Sedangkan banyak penderita diabetes tipe 2 yang tidak menyadari bahwa mereka telah mengidap diabetes selama bertahun-tahun karena gejalanya cenderung tidak spesifik. Beberapa gejala diabetes tipe 1 dan tipe 2 meliputi:

• Sering merasa haus.
• Sering buang air kecil, terutama di malam hari.
• Rasa lapar yang ekstrem.
• Turunnya berat badan tanpa sebab yang jelas.
• Berkurangnya massa otot.
• Terdapat keton dalam air seni. Keton adalah produk sampingan dari metabolisme otot dan lemak yang terjadi ketika produksi insulin tidak cukup.
• Kelelahan.
• Pandangan yang kabur.
• Luka yang lama sembuh.
• Sering mengalami infeksi, misalnya pada gusi, kulit, vagina, atau saluran kemih.

Apabila Anda mengalami gejala-gejala tersebut, segera periksakan diri Anda ke dokter. Pendeteksian sedini mungkin memungkinkan kita untuk mencegah bertambah parahnya kondisi diabetes kita.

Pengaruh Hormon Insulin dan Diabetes

Seluruh sel dalam tubuh manusia membutuhkan glukosa agar dapat bekerja dengan normal. Kadar zat gula dalam darah biasanya dikendalikan oleh hormon insulin yang diproduksi oleh pankreas, yaitu organ yang terletak di belakang lambung.

Tetapi organ pankreas milik penderita diabetes tidak mampu memproduksi hormon insulin sesuai kebutuhan tubuh. Tanpa insulin, sel-sel tubuh tidak dapat menyerap dan mengolah glukosa menjadi energi.

Sekilas Tentang Diabetes Tipe 1

Penderita diabetes tipe 1 sangat bergantung kepada insulin karena sistem kekebalan tubuh penderita akan menyerang dan menghancurkan sel-sel pankreas yang memproduksi insulin. Hal ini memicu peningkatan kadar glukosa sehingga terjadi kerusakan pada organ-organ tubuh. Hingga saat ini, penyebab di balik diabetes tipe 1 belum diketahui secara pasti.

Penderita jenis diabetes ini umumnya berusia di bawah 40 tahun, biasanya muncul pada masa remaja atau anak-anak. Karena itu, diabetes tipe 1 juga disebut sebagai diabetes anak-anak.

Diabetes tipe 1 lebih jarang terjadi dibandingkan dengan diabetes tipe 2. Di antara 10 orang penderita diabetes, diperkirakan hanya sekitar 1 orang yang mengidap tipe 1.

Selain harus menerima suntikan insulin setiap hari, penderita diabetes tipe 1 juga disarankan untuk menjaga kadar glukosa dalam darah agar tetap seimbang. Misalnya dengan menerapkan pola makan sehat dan menjalani tes darah secara rutin.

Sekilas Tentang Diabetes Tipe 2

Diabetes tipe 2 merupakan jenis diabetes yang lebih umum terjadi. Sekitar 90 persen penderita diabetes di dunia mengidap diabetes tipe ini.

Diabetes jenis ini disebabkan oleh kurangnya produksi insulin dalam tubuh atau sel-sel tubuh yang menjadi kurang sensitif terhadap insulin. Kekurangpekaan sel-sel tubuh ini dikenal dengan istilah resistensi terhadap insulin.

Gejala pada penderita diabetes tipe ini biasanya dapat dikendalikan dengan pola makan sehat dan memantau kadar glukosa dalam darah. Tetapi, tetaplah waspada karena penyakit ini akan terus berkembang dalam tubuh dan lambat laun Anda akan membutuhkan langkah pengobatan.

Diabetes tipe 2 sering dihubungkan dengan obesitas. Memang tidak semua orang yang mengidap obesitas akan otomatis menderita diabetes tipe 2. Tetapi, makin tinggi indeks massa tubuh seseorang, maka risiko diabetes tipe ini juga meningkat. Diabetes akibat obesitas umumnya menyerang para manula.

Risiko Diabetes Kehamilan

Diabetes juga kerap menyerang para ibu hamil. Terdapat sebagian wanita yang memiliki kadar glukosa dalam darah yang sangat tinggi selama masa kehamilan, sehingga tubuh mereka tidak dapat memproduksi cukup insulin untuk menyerapnya. Diabetes yang dikenal sebagai diabetes kehamilan ini dapat terjadi pada sekitar 15 hingga 18 orang di antara 100 wanita yang hamil.

Penderita diabetes tipe 1 yang hamil juga akan memiliki risiko tinggi karena dapat berdampak pada ibu serta janin. Sangatlah penting bagi penderita diabetes yang sedang hamil untuk menjaga keseimbangan kadar gula darahnya.

Ibu yang sedang hamil sebaiknya lebih cermat memantau kadar gula darah pada trimester kedua (minggu 14-26). Pada masa itulah diabetes kehamilan umumnya berkembang dan kemudian hilang setelah melahirkan. Meski demikian, risiko diabetes tipe 2 pada wanita yang pernah mengalami diabetes kehamilan adalah sekitar tiga kali lebih tinggi dibandingkan populasi pada umumnya.

Sumber: http://www.alodokter.com/diabetes

Tugas Softskill Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2: Bulan Keempat

Exercise 37: Relative Clause

1. The last record that was produced by this company became a gold record
2. Checking accounts that require a minimum balance are very common now
3. The professor who spoke with you yesterday is not here today
4. John whom are the highest grade in the school has received a scholarship
5. Felipe bought a camera, that has three lenses
6. Frank is the man, who are going to nominated for the office of treasurer
7. The doctor is with a patient, whose leg was broken in an accident
8. Jane is the woman, who is going to china next year
9. Janet wants a typewriter, which self corrects
10. This book thay i found last week countains some usefull information
11. Mr Bryant whose team has lost the game looks very sad
12. James wrote an article, that indicated that he disliked the presudent
13. The director of the program which graduanted from Havard University is planning to retire next year
14. This is the book, that i've been looking for all year
15. William who has lawyer's brother wants to become a judge

Exercise 38: Relative Clause Reduction

1. George is the man chosen to represent the committee at the convention
2. All of the money accepted has already been released
3. The papers on the table belong the Patricia
4. The man brought to the police station confessed to the crime
5. The girl drinking coffee is Mary Allen
6. John's wife a proffessor, has written several papers on this subject
7. The man talking to the policeman is my uncle
8. The book on the top shelf is the one that i need
9. The number of students been counted is quite high
10. Leo evants a doctor, eats in this restaurant every day

Exercise 39: Subjunctive

1. Correct
2. It was urgent that he call her immediately
3. Correct
4. She intends to move that the commitee suspend discussion on this issue
5. The king decreed that the new laws take effect the following month
6. Correct
7. I advise that you take prerequisites before registering for this course
8. His father prefers that he attend a different university
9. Correct
10. She urged that we find another alternative

Exercise 40: Inclusives

1. Not only
2. And
3. both
4. but also
5. and
6. not only
7. and
8. but also
9. as well as
10. as wel as

Exercise 41: Know/Know How

1. Know how
2. know how
3. know
4. know
5. kow how
6. know
7. know how
8. know
9. know how
10. know how

Exercise 42: Clause of concession

1. Althought she dislike coffee, she drank it to keep herself warm
2. Mary will take a plane, in spite of her dislike of
3. Although Marcy's sadness at losing the contes, she managed to smile
4. We took many picture despite cloudy sky
5. Even though she has poor memory, the old woman told interesting stories to the children
6. In spite of his frequently absent, he has managed to pass the test
7. Nancy told me the secret, though she has promised not to do so
8. We plan to buy a ticket for the drawing even though we had knew we will not win
9. Even though it is high price, my daughters insist on going to the movies every Saturday
10. He ate the chocolate cake even in spite of the diet

Exercise 43: Problem Verbs

1. Lies
2. Sit
3. Laid
4. Rose
5, Raise
6. Lay
7. Lying
8. Raised
9. Rises
10. Set

Tugas Softskill Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2: Bulan Ketiga

Exercise 35

1. The president is being called by somebody everyday
2. The other members are being called by John
3. Mr.Watson would be called by somebody tonight
4. Considerable damage has been cause by the fire
5. The supplies should been bought by the teacher

Excercise 36

1. left
2. repaired
3. typed
4. called
5. painted
6. wrote
7. lied
8. sent
9. cut
10. signed
11. left
12. washed
13. fixed
14. published
15. found

Tugas Softskill Materi Bulan Kedua (Bahasa Inggris 2)

 Exercise 31

1. twelve
2. language
3. three acts
4. two days
5. 79 pieces
6. five shelves
7. 16 ounces each
8. six quarts
9. bricks
10. ten speeds

Excercise 32

1. enough people
2. enough french
3. enough time
4. fast enough
5. soon enough
6. early enough
7. hard enough
8. slowly enough
9. enough flour
10. enough books

Excercise 33

1. Because
2. because
3. because of
4. because
5. because of
6. because
7. because of
8. because
9. because
10. because of

Excercise 34

1. so
2. such
3. such
4. such
5. so
6. so
7. such
8. so
9. so
10. such
11. so
12. so
13. such
14. so
15. so

TUGAS SOFTSKILL MATERI BULAN PERTAMA (BAHASA INGGRIS 2)

Exercise 21: Conditional Sentences (Page 97-98)

1. Understood
2. Would not have been
3. will give
4. would have told
5. would have been
6. had
7. stopped
8. needed
9. would have found
10. enjoyed
11. paint
12. were
13. writes
14. had permitted
15. had spent
16. will accept
17. buys
18. had decided
19. would have written
20. will leak
21. studied
22. hears
23. see
24. gets
25. turn
26. were
27. would have called
28. would have talked
29. explained
30. spoke

Exercise 22: Used To (Page 99)

1. eating
2. eating
3. swimming
4. liking
5. speaking
6. studying
7. dancing
8. sleeping
9. eating
10. eating

Exercise 23: Would Rather (Page 101-102)

1. stay
2. stayed
3. work
4. studied
5. not study
6. have
7. stood
8. not cook
9. had not arrived
10. have slept

Exercise 24: Must/Should + Perfective (Page 105)

1. should have had
2. must have been
3. must have damaged
4. should not have packed
5. must have studied
6. should have studied
7. must have been
8. should have deposit
9. must have forgotten
10. must not have been studied

Exercise 25: Modals + Perfective (page 105-106)

1. i would
2. would have gone
3. may have had
4. should have done
5. must have forgotten
6. may have slept
7. might have had
8. could have lost
9. should not have driven
10. it may have run

Exercise 26 : Adjectives And Adverbs (page 107)

1. well
2. intense
3. brightly
4. fluent
5. fluently
6. smooth
7. accurately
8. bitter
9. soon
10. fast

Exercise 27: Linking (Copulative) Verbs (page 109)

1. terrible
2. well
3. good
4. calm
5. sick
6. quickly
7. diligently
8. vehemently
9. relaxed
10. noisy

Exercise 28: Comparisons (page 114)

1. as soon
2. more important
3. as well
4. more expensive
5. as hot
6. more talented
7. more colorful
8. happier
9. worse
10. faster

Exercise 29: Comparisons (page 114)

1. than
2. than
3. form
4. than
5. as
6. than
7. as
8. than
9. than
10. form

Exercise 30 Comparisons (page 117-118)
1. best
2. happiest
3. faster
4. creamiest
5. more colorful
6. better
7. good
8. more awkwardly
9. least
10. prettiest
11. the best
12. form
13. less impressive
14. the sicker
15. when
16. twice as mush as
17. little
18. mush
19. father
20. more famous